The elevator malfunction is not always due to mechanical wear or aging. There are various causes behind electrical failures, and maintenance technicians must first identify the type of fault before proceeding with repairs. This paper focuses on identifying and resolving electrical faults in elevators, as well as analyzing their root causes.
First, the door interlock system is crucial for safe elevator operation. If the automatic door lock or its wiring has poor contact or improper adjustment, it can prevent the elevator from operating properly, leading to a malfunction. Second, short circuits or open circuits in the control and signal circuits often occur due to damaged contacts, dust accumulation, or broken springs. These issues can result in operational problems if not addressed promptly.
Third, insulation failure in electrical components and circuits can occur due to aging, moisture, or external damage, causing either an open circuit or a short. Fourth, electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a growing concern in modern microprocessor-controlled elevators. EMI can come from power supply noise, input line interference, or static electricity generated by friction. To reduce such risks, elevators should use a three-phase five-wire power system to separate the protective earth (PE) from the neutral (N), preventing stray currents from affecting the control system.
Fifth, component damage or misalignment in the electrical system—such as faulty circuit boards or poor connections—can lead to elevator malfunctions. When troubleshooting, technicians should follow a systematic approach: ask questions, visually inspect, listen for unusual sounds, and check for any strange smells.
Common troubleshooting methods include the program inspection method, which helps identify the faulty control stage; the resistance measurement method, used when the system is powered off to test electronic components; and the potential measurement method, which checks voltage levels under power to locate faults.
The short-circuit connection method is useful when suspecting faulty contacts, while the open-circuit method helps detect hidden faults in control lines. The replacement method involves swapping out suspected faulty components to confirm the issue. Lastly, testing for bad contacts using a voltmeter, thermometer, or low-voltage high-current test can reveal weak connections that cause intermittent failures.
Electrical faults in elevator systems are complex and require careful analysis. Technicians must approach each case with a logical mindset, considering all possibilities and systematically eliminating them until the problem is resolved. Experience and continuous learning play a key role in improving diagnostic accuracy and response time. With proper training and attention to detail, most electrical issues can be resolved efficiently and effectively.
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