Metal halide lamp metal halide lamp has the characteristics of high luminous efficiency, good color rendering and high power, and is suitable for use in large-area lighting places such as theaters and assembly shops.
Fluorescent lamps have higher luminous efficiency than incandescent lamps and 70% more electricity than incandescent lamps. They are more suitable for indoor use in offices, dormitories, and low ceilings (below 5m). Generally, the luminous efficiency of compact fluorescent lamps is 5% higher than that of ordinary fluorescent lamps, and the thin-tube fluorescent lamps are 10% more energy-efficient than ordinary fluorescent lamps. Therefore, it is suitable to promote the application of such compact fluorescent lamps and thin-tube fluorescent lamps in a small indoor area.
Incandescent lamps For places with small area and low lighting requirements, incandescent lamps can be used. Generally, the luminous flux of a double-spiral filament type incandescent lamp is 10% higher than that of a single-silver filament type incandescent lamp.
Reasonable choice of moderate illumination Reasonable choice of illumination is the key to good lighting and energy saving. It should be chosen in accordance with the principle that the illuminance is too low to damage people's vision and the illumination is too high to waste energy. In other words, the choice of illumination must be compatible with the work environment. Factory lighting can be selected according to the national T J31-79 industrial enterprise lighting design standards to select the illumination and the necessary lighting quality, should consider the total efficiency of the lighting system.
Reasonable choice of lighting to meet the standard illuminance requirements, in order to do a good job of lighting energy.
Generally, three fascinating functions of general illumination, partial illumination, and hybrid illumination should be selected to facilitate their respective lighting advantages and effects. In most cases, mixed lighting works better. The difference between the working surface and the ambient illuminance should not be too large, and the illumination is better than 1 3 1 5 . When one light source cannot meet the color rendering requirements, two or more light source hybrid lighting modes can be selected. This improves both light efficiency and color rendering. In addition, scientifically arranging the light source can also achieve satisfactory illumination and improve the utilization of light energy.
Make full use of natural factors to get better lighting and power saving effects. If the reflectivity of the indoor light receiving surface is utilized, the light utilization efficiency can be effectively improved. The white wall reflection coefficient is higher, up to 70% 80%, which can play a better auxiliary power saving effect.
5 Maintenance and management of lighting fixtures The management of lighting and energy saving is mainly strengthened from the maintenance and management system. The management of enterprise lighting should be carried out publicity and education to raise people's awareness of lighting and electricity saving, and take this work as a conscious act. At the same time, it is necessary to establish a system to implement lighting and electricity saving. Enterprises should incorporate lighting management into the content of economic responsibility assessment. For the office building, family building and other stairs to install sound and light control facilities, reduce lighting time, to meet the lighting needs. Household electricity, install electric energy meters, and charge by volume. In the dormitory, install a power meter to control the total electricity consumption.
Lighting fixtures must also be maintained, and their lighting effects are closely related to operating conditions and environmental conditions. In some occasions, the lighting fixtures accumulate dirt faster and more, and need to be cleaned regularly to maintain its inherent light quantity. Severe fouling can cause the luminous flux of its light source to drop below 50%. Light bulbs, lamps, glass, and walls are not clean, and the reflectance and light transmittance of light are significantly reduced. In order to maintain a good illuminating effect and reflection effect, the necessary cleaning should be performed regularly.
Comprehensive use of advanced technology to improve lighting power-saving line loss
As far as the loss of the lighting circuit is concerned, it accounts for about 4% of the input electric energy. The factors affecting its parameters are mainly the power supply mode and the cross-sectional area of ​​the wire. The lighting voltage level is generally 220 V, and the single-phase two-wire, two-phase three-wire and three-phase four-wire system are adopted. The power supply is different, and the line loss is different. Generally, the three-phase four-wire system supplies power, which is less than other methods. Therefore, the three-phase four-wire system should be used for lighting power supply.
The automatic control mode is more suitable for the control of outdoor lighting. There are three commonly used control methods: one is time control (time switch), which can not distinguish between weather and season-induced illumination differences, which is a relatively fixed type; followed by photoelectric control. This kind of control method is to use the photosensitive element to change the electrical parameters under natural illumination, and to issue the command through the device to control the light on and off; and the sound and light control. At the same time, the acoustic and optical components are used as control sensor components for starting and closing. After debugging, it has two conditions to achieve the control effect. Mainly adjusts the sensitivity of light, sound intensity, and the time to delay off.
It is more suitable for lighting control of office buildings and family building stairs.
The public lighting night control factory has a long day and night illumination time, and the voltage varies greatly, between 5% and 12%. Especially after midnight, the line voltage is often higher than 3% 5% of the rated value. At this time, the lamp power is also high, power is wasted, and the service life of the lamp is greatly shortened. Pressure limiting measures should be taken for this purpose: (1) Reactor pressure limiting. The reactance can be calculated by the vector method using the midnight line voltage, the limit target voltage, and the illumination load impedance value. The reactor can be multi-tap, set manually, or can be controlled by quartz timer switch or timer. (2) SCR control.
The thyristor trigger circuit can be controlled by a timer or by a voltage comparison signal.
Capacitance compensation For gas discharge sources such as high-pressure nano lamps, separate capacitor compensation should be implemented to increase the power factor by 0.85 or more to reduce the reactive loss on the line. Fluorescent lamp ballasts account for 20% and 30% of the lamp's power consumption, so this loss should be minimized.
For the electricity management of residential areas, centralized or segmented capacitance compensation should be adopted to improve the power factor of the power supply system, reduce line loss, and achieve efficient use of electrical energy. On this line, the composition of the lighting electricity is high, and the necessary reactive compensation measures should be taken. Similar to this type of line, it is best to choose the automatic switching mode to run.
PCB Classify--can be considered as single-sided (one copper layer) board, double-sided (two copper layers on both sides of one substrate layer)board, or multi-layer(three copper layers or more) board. Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher component density because circuit traces on the inner layers would otherwise take up surface space between components. The rise in popularity of multilayer PCBs with more than two, and especially with more than four, copper planes was concurrent with the adoption of Surface Mount Technology.
PCB Classify
Multilayer PCB,Electronics Multilayer PCB,Single Side Board,Single Sided PCB
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