There is already solid evidence that the next generation of Apple phones in 2017 will adopt the OLED screen background, and it seems that the debate about the next generation of flat panel display technology can come to an end. However, as a competitive technology, QLED and MicroLED are not willing to be lonely, the former ushered in Samsung's strong pursuit, the latter has this year's Apple and Sony's enhanced cooperation.
An Apple phone, where is the majority of its battery power used? Or why does a Samsung smart watch charge almost every day? The culprit of these "standby" issues that most affect the experience of contemporary smart devices are display devices.
The above question is also the reason why Apple acquired LuxVue, a developer of low-power micro-LED displays in 2014. Apple needs a display technology that rivals Samsung OLED and has a major breakthrough in visual and power performance. Even this acquisition was compared with Apple’s acquisition of chip maker PASemi several years ago: it was the acquisition that made Apple, who had no experience in designing microprocessors, master the design technology of Apple’s mobile phone core processor. . Now, Apple's leading micro-LED camp has ushered in Sony's attention.
In the QLED display project, the research team of a university in China, as well as the global display leader Samsung, have a "living". Samsung even believes that large-size TV sets should skip the OLED stage and develop QLED panels made with printing technology. The latter, the current advantage in life indicators is very obvious. Although, public opinion believes that Samsung's strength in QLED is more to balance LG's lead in large-size OLEDs, but other QLED-focused teams, they only have QLED technology, there is no reason to be suspected of "support for QLED, It is consideration of OLED of 'balanced opponent'.
Of course, as the next-generation display technology, OLED's performance is the best - at least the global mobile phone market, OLED has won a third of the model; and large-size TV applications are also "breakthrough". The advantage in the industrialization process may be that people have greater confidence in the OLED's victory in the war against MICROLED/QLED.
However, the flat panel display has a foretaste: Until 2006, plasma PDPs have been leading the liquid crystal technology in the industrialization of color TV applications. However, the plasma did not have luck and laughed. Finally, LCD became the ultimate winner. And the next generation of flat-panel display disputes, will there be new technology to come to the fore? If so, is it MICROLED or QLED?
Similarities between OLED/MICROLED/QLED
Compared with liquid crystal display technology, OLED/MICROLED/QLED can be said to be very similar. The latter is common to backlights that do not require liquid crystals.
The reason why the liquid crystal display consumes a large amount of power is that the "light efficiency" of the system structure is low. For example, the liquid crystal display has a color effect, and a color filter film is used: this film directly causes the overall light efficiency to drop by more than 67%; at the same time, the light valve function of the liquid crystal must be based on the polarized light, which again loses 50%. The above brightness. Therefore, the liquid crystal display, the utilization efficiency of the backlight brightness theoretically does not exceed 15%. That is, 85% of the energy is wasted.
For the three technologies of OLED/MICROLED/QLED, since the structure of the three primary color sub-pixel self-luminous can be adopted, the light efficiency can theoretically reach 95%. That is, as long as the electro-optical conversion rate of the luminescent materials is continuously improved, the energy-saving level of these technologies can far exceed that of the liquid crystals - this is unusual for mobile devices and wearable devices.
OLED/MICROLED/QLED are also very similar if the viewing angle is transferred from the product experience to the manufacturing process.
First of all, these three technologies are inseparable from the current-driven TFT structure, which is now the industry's often-mentioned "low-temperature polysilicon", "metal oxide" and "high-temperature polysilicon" TFT drive structure technology - from this perspective, OLED / Both MICROLED/QLED and liquid crystal technology belong to the "semiconductor display" industry. The core difference between OLED/MICROLED/QLED is mainly that the luminescent material encapsulated in the TFT structure is OLED, QLED or MicroLED.
Secondly, in the process of transplanting (coating) three kinds of OLED/MICROLED/QLED materials onto the TFT structure, the basic technical forms used mainly include two types of evaporation process and printing process. And the printing process is the main research direction in the future. For the three luminescent materials of OLED/MICROLED/QLED, the transplantation process is likely to have great versatility. That is, if the inkjet printed OLED technology is fully mature, QLED can be used directly for a large number of applications. The migration of MICROLED luminescent substances is more difficult, but it also gets a lot of engineering support from the mature steaming and printing display process.
It is precisely because of the similarity between the manufacturing process and the OLED/MICROLED/QLED technologies that the industry believes that the next-generation display technology battle is far less intense than the LCD and plasma “you dieâ€, after all, OLED/MICROLED/QLED With display technology, the ratio of general equipment to process is about 70%.
The difference between OLED/MICROLED/QLED
From the structure of the final display product, OLED/MICROLED/QLED are all electro-optic conversion materials arranged on the TFT structure. This structural consistency determines the difference between the three display technologies of OLED/MICROLED/QLED, which is mainly determined by the difference in electro-optical conversion materials used in these three display technologies.
OLED/MICROLED/QLED is the core material of next-generation display technology. Its main feature is that the concentration of light-emitting wavelength is relatively high, that is, the color level of the display product is high; the electro-optic control is convenient, that is, the response speed of the display screen is fast; the current drive has an open and close state. And the extremely high adjustability of the luminous power, that is, the gray scale effect of the display picture is good, and the final contrast is close to infinity; the material itself has a huge space for technological advancement, and the energy saving of the final product will be relatively high. - These four advantages almost completely correspond to the disadvantages of liquid crystal display, so no matter which technology wins the final market, LCD is the fate of being replaced.
However, the three technologies of OLED/MICROLED/QLED are also different. From the shortcomings, OLEDs as organic materials, organic substances, have their inherent defects - life and stability, difficult to match the QLED and MICROLED of inorganic materials; QLED products, although the performance quality is excellent, but the industrialization process is not good, or The difficulty of scale preparation is not small.
MICROLED products, light-emitting devices are solidified micro LED lamp beads (micron order), although its preparation is quite different from traditional LED lamp beads, but it can also inherit the huge capacity and technology accumulation of the traditional LED industry, there is no scale. The problem of chemical production, but the MICROLED lamp bead is a positive and negative electrode microstructure. Unlike OLED and QLED, which are simple materials, the migration process and migration process of the product on the TFT substrate are the most difficult and the process reliability is also high. lowest.
In other words, under the ideal process conditions, MicroLED has micro-structure preparation more complicated than QLED and OLED, product electrode polarity leads to complex graft coating process, MicroLED's microstructure and electrode characteristics make film formation defect control more difficult, MicroLED itself It is a rigid structure that is not conducive to the manufacture of fully transparent or flexible products (OLED is the most luminescent material for flexible display). (especially in large-scale displays, such as TV sets, the defects above MicroLED will be further amplified.)
However, MICROLED also has its unique advantages: 1. In terms of luminous efficiency, the current MICROLED is the highest, and still greatly increases the space; 2. The luminous energy density, the MICROLED is the highest, and there is room for improvement. - The former facilitates the energy saving of the display device; the latter saves the limited surface area of ​​the display device and deploys more sensors. The current theoretical result is that compared to OLEDs, MICROLEDs achieve the same display brightness, requiring only about 10% of the coated area of ​​the latter.
Although the respective characteristics of OLED/MICROLED/QLED are so vivid, one of the bigger problems is that from the application point of view, these three have almost no advantage that "the opponent does not have it". For example, the core problem of OLED "lifetime" is less than the latter two, but it is enough to meet the needs of home TV sets for more than 10 years - as for the use of QLED theory for thirty or fifty years, it does not have practical significance.
Therefore, which of OLED/MICROLED/QLED technologies can eventually become a winner, more depends not on the comparison of technical performance, but on engineering practice, cost and reliability under scale manufacturing.
The respective advantages and development stages of OLED/MICROLED/QLED
From the perspective of industrial practice, the gap between OLED/MICROLED/QLED is not small, but there is no “worry of life and deathâ€.
First of all, OLED is the most mature, and the small and medium-sized market has been widely popularized. LG has also broken the bottleneck of mass production on large-size products and reached the level of scale supply. In particular, the demand for OLED bursts in the mobile phone market since 2016 has greatly promoted the development of the entire industry chain, so OLED is in a very leading position in material preparation and film forming processes. In 2017, Samsung and LG will also carry out demonstration line construction of OLED inkjet printing scale production, which will further strengthen the maturity of the entire industry chain of OLED display.
Second, the QLED display technology is still in its infancy. In particular, electroluminescent QLED materials for next-generation display panels have not yet broken through the challenges of scale manufacturing. However, from another point of view, in terms of inkjet printing film formation, QLED and OLED have almost the same process, or OLED in the forward process direction, directly for QLED "made a wedding dress."
Third, MICROLED display technology is not the same as QLED. The main bottleneck of QLED is material manufacturing. In this part, MICROLED has a good foundation: because there is a large amount of LED production capacity and manufacturing experience in the industry. The existing 1010 specification products for LED lamp bead products have been popularized, and the mass production of the 0505 specification has been successfully achieved. This is a problem of mass production of micron-sized products used by MICROLED for only two or three years. It can even be said that the historical support of the MICROLED material end is better than the OLED. However, in the film-forming grafting process, the MICROLED micro-bead structure has the highest requirements—that is, the experience of MICROLED from the OLED coating technology advancement is much lower than that of QLED.
Of course, in addition to the above industrialization differences, OLED/MICROLED/QLED has a common advantage: it can inherit the highly mature current-driven TFT technology (IGZO, LTPS, Oxide) from liquid crystal display technology. This point has already been explained above.
In summary, the industrialization process of OLED/MICROLED/QLED can be summarized as follows: 1. OLED is basically mature and is developing better technology; 2. QLED is almost completely in the laboratory stage, but can be obtained from the development of OLED Most of the process experience; 3. MICROLED is almost completely in the laboratory stage, there are unique technical difficulties in film-forming transplantation, but the upstream aspect can get a lot of experience and capacity support from the traditional LED industry.
Therefore, in the future, flat panel display technology is almost divided into two camps: the first is the large investment in real money and silver, and the second is the embarrassment of the wonderful performance of QLED and MICROLED. Just as Apple's mobile phone is about to enter the OLED era in 2017, it is a common choice for the industry to use OLED first. This can be said to be the first stage of "OLED" to win.
Regarding the next-generation flat panel display technology, the remaining problem is that all the technologies of OLED display, at least 70%, can be shared or absorbed by QLED and MICROLED. In other words, if the latter two are good enough, it is not too difficult for the entire industry to turn around.
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